![]() ![]() For example, sucrose-rich nectar has often been recorded for flowers pollinated by hummingbirds or by insects with long mouthparts (e.g., long-tongued bees and butterflies), whereas hexose-rich nectars occur in flowers pollinated by short-tongued bees, flies, and bats (Percival 1961 Baker and Baker 1983b Stiles and Freeman 1993 Perret et al. In many cases, nectar components, and consequently, nectar sugar ratios, reflect the type of pollinator, and flower and inflorescence morphology may provide a valuable indicator of the pollination syndrome employed (Baker and Baker 1983b). For example, nectar production and concentration may be subject to considerable fluctuations resulting from subtle changes in the environment (e.g., temperature, humidity, and wind), as well as other extrinsic factors such as pollinator behaviour, presence of nectar robbers, or nectar contamination by yeasts (Baker and Baker 1983a Galetto and Bernardello 2004 Herrera et al. 1998) however, some nectar traits may be subject to ecological factors imposed by the habitat (Stiles and Freeman 1993 Petanidou 2005). Nectar composition may be conservative due to phylogenetic constraints (Galetto et al. Moreover, secondary compounds (such as phenols, alkaloids, and terpenoids) that are mostly associated with resistance to herbivory have been documented in floral nectars, and hence, many plants produce nectar that is toxic or repellent to some visitors (Adler 2000). In general, carbohydrates dominate the total solutes present in floral nectar (Nicolson and Thornburg 2007) however, other compounds, such as amino acids, proteins, and lipids, have also been detected in floral nectars (Baker and Baker 1983a Heil 2011 Nepi 2014). As a consequence, nectar characters can be similar between unrelated plants sharing the same pollination syndrome, or completely different, even between closely related plant species having different pollinators (Baker and Baker 1982). Nectar is the main floral food-reward for pollinators, and, as such, is subject to selection pressures imposed by nectar consumers. These vary considerably both in terms of anatomical structure and nectar-secretory mechanisms (Nepi 2007). Floral nectar is synthesized and produced by floral nectaries, i.e., secretory structures that may be found on different parts of the flower. The ecological importance of floral nectar as a food-reward, offered by animal-pollinated plants to their pollen vectors, has long been recognized (Simpson and Neff 1981 Nicolson 2007). We noted both diurnal and nocturnal generalist, opportunistic floral insect visitors. Nevertheless, a great variety of amino acids, including both protein and non-protein types, was detected in the nectar profile of the investigated taxa. The protein content of the nectar was also relatively low (on average, 0.31 µg ml −1). 27%) and the nectar was sucrose-dominant, and composed mainly of sucrose, glucose and fructose. Nectar concentration was relatively low (ca. 4 h before anthesis) and nectar was available to pollinators until petal closure. The release of floral nectar commenced at the bud stage (approx. 10–12 h), and flowers lasted only one night. ![]() Anthesis for a single flower was short (ca. ![]() The structure of nectaries was similar for all the species investigated, and comprised the epidermis (with nectarostomata), numerous layers of nectary parenchyma, and subsecretory parenchyma. To redress this imbalance, we sought, in the present paper, to describe the floral nectary, nectar production, and nectar composition in five nocturnal Oenothera species with respect to their floral visitors. ![]() Although many papers on nectaries and nectar already exist, there has been a little research into the structure of nectaries and/or nectar production and composition in species belonging to the same genus. Numerous zoophilous plants attract their pollinators by offering floral nectar an aqueous solution produced by specialized secretory tissues, known as floral nectaries. Main conclusion The floral nectars were sucrose-dominant however, nectar protein and amino acid contents differed, indicating that composition of nitrogenous compounds may vary considerably even between closely related plant species, irrespectively of nectary structure. ![]()
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